2010年职称英语B级（综合）试题及答案
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职称英语《卫生B》专项试题及答案(2)
part C
Medical Education
In 18th century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King's College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine.
Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of King's College) was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary (私营职称英语历年真题答案河北的 ) schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had 10W standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association(AMA) and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical practitioners (开业医师) that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 1,424 medical colleges recognized by the Liaison(联络) Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. D. degree; during the 1987-1988 academic year, 47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship ( 实习期 ) , receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.
1. In 18th century America, higher institutions of learning that taught medicine __________.
A. did not exist
B. were few in number
C. were better than those in Europe
D. were known for their teaching hospitals
2. Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America __________.
A. had established professionals
B. had good facilities
C. had high standards
D. were in poor conditions
3. The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to __________.
A. recruit more students
B. set up more schools of medicine
C. ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice
D. prevent medical schools from making huge profits
4. After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practice __________.
A. if they have worked in a laboratory
B. if they have studied abroad for some time
C. if they have obtained an M. D. degree
D. if they have passed an examination
5. This passage is mainly about __________.
A. how medicine is taught in America
B. how medical education has developed in America
C. how the American educational system works
D. how one can become a good doctor
答案与解析
part A
1. C。细节题。题干：研究职称英语历年真题答案河北的目标是发现新的 *** 来 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此项研究的goal，即aim，这便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。
2. D。细节题。题干：研究者收集了下列东西，除了 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第四段。第四项应该是“参加研究的妇女及其婴儿家中的空气与水等物质”，而
不是“医院中的空气与水”。
3. A。细节题。题干：通过研究，国家的医疗费用期望可以 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第六段，即预计从长远的角度讲，此项研究将有利于节约国家卫生保健费用的开支。
4. B。细节题。题干：参与者的婴儿会被跟踪调查 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短。文的倒数第三段，即这些婴儿将从出生前一直被跟踪到21岁。
5. D。细节题。题干：下列关于研究参与者的说法哪一项是不正确的?利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段。前三项在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四项是错误的，因为研究对象都是怀孕的妇女，不可能是所有年龄段的人们。
part B
1. A。细节题。题干：为什么远古的火山爆发比近期的火山爆发破坏性更大?利用题干关键词可以定位到之一段：古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更能轻易地毁灭生命。
2. D。细节题。题干：Wignall是如何计算出远古火山爆发的杀伤力的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段。第二段有这样一句话：He calculated the“killing efficiency”for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.(他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤力)。
3. D。细节题。题干：恐龙是什么时候灭绝的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段。其中有这么一句话：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.(他没有提及6500万年前恐龙的灭绝，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响)。
4. D。细节题。题干：从第三段还可以推导出有关恐龙的什么样的信息?在讨论第三题的答案时，我们已经注意到了，Wignall没有提6500万年前恐龙的灭绝是否跟火山爆发有关，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响。这就说明，关于恐龙灭绝的原因在科学家之间是有争议的。
5. B。主旨题。问题问的是：文章的主要论点是什么?答案在文章的之一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破坏力)。
part C
1. B。细节题。题干：在18世纪的美国，教授医学的'高等学习机构 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到文章之一段，可知在18世纪的美国，医学院校寥寥无几。如果有人想当医生，就要跟专业人员私下学，或者出国学习。直到1765年，才首次有高等院校正式开设医学课程。
2. D。细节题。题干：最初多数的私营医学院 __________。利用题目顺序与段落顺序一致的原则和题干关键词可以定位到文章第二段中的第二句，即早期的私营医学院校大都标准不高，设备较差。
3. C。细节题：AMA and AAMC设立了标准，以便 __________。利用题干中的专有名词可以定位到文章第二段的最后一句，即AMA与AAM制订了一系列标准，以保证医学教学与实践的质量。
4. D。细节题。经过一年实习的毕业生可以开始 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到文章的最后一段，即医学毕业生经过一年的实习期后，要通过州或国家的相关考试，方可获取行医执照。
5. B。主旨题。题干：这篇文章主要是关于 __________。从文章的题目和内容可知，全文重点探讨的是美国医学教育的历史沿革。
求2012职称英语A级考试试题及一些历年真题，谢谢！
之一部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. He shifted his position a little in order to (alleviate) the pain in his leg.
control B. easy C. experience D. suffer
2. Our aim was to (update) the health service, and we succeeded.
offer B. provide C. modernize D. fund
3. She moves from one (exotic) location to another.
unusual B. familiar C. similar D. proper
4. Nothing would (induce) me to vote for him again.
teach B. help C. discourage D. attract
5. The photographs (evoked) strong memories of our holiday in France.
refreshed B. stored C. blocked D. erased
6. The weather was (crisp) and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away.
hot B. heavy C. fresh D. windy
7. Every week the magazine presents the (profile) of a well-known sports personality.
success B. description C. evidence D. plan
8. Her comments about men are (utterly) ridiculous completely.
slightly B. completely C. partly D. faintly
9. The walls are made of (hollow) concrete blocks.
A . big B. empty C. long D. now
10. We almost (ran into) a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us without signaling.
A. overtook B. hit C. passed D. found
11. When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldn’t resist having a (peep) look.
chance B. visit C. look D. try
12. He has been granted (asylum) in France.
A. power B. relief C. protection D. license
13. He was (weary) of the constant battle between them.
A. fond B. tired C. proud D. afraid
14. Newborn babies can (discriminate) between a man’s and a woman`s voice.
A. treat B. distinguish C. express D. *** yzes
15. All the flats in the building had the same (layout) arrangement.
A. color B. size C. function D. arrangement
答案：
alleviate—ease
update—modernize
exotic—unusual
induce—attract
evoked—refreshed
crisp—fresh
profile—description
utterly—completely
hollow—empty
ran into—hit
peep—look
asylum—protection
weary—tired
discriminate—distinguish
layout—arrangement
第二部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
In Sports, Red is the Winning Color
When opponents of a game are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study.
British anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham reached that conclusion by studying the outcomes of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman-wresting, and freestyle-wrestling matches at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.
In each event Olympic staff randomly assigned red or blue clothing or body protection to compe *** s. When otherwise equally matched with their opponent in fitness and skill, athletes wearing red were more likely to win the bout.
"Where there was a large point difference—presumably because one contestant was far superior to the other—color had no effect on the outcome," Barton said. "Where there was a *** all point difference, the effect of color was sufficient to tip the balance."
In equally matched bouts, the preponderance of red wins was great enough that it could not be attributed to chance, the anthropologists say. Hill and Barton found similar results in a review of the colors worn at the Euro 2004 international soccer tournament. Their report will be published in tomorrow's issue of the journal Nature.
Joanna Setchell, a primate researcher at the University of Cambridge in England, has found similar results in nature. Her work with the large African monkeys known as mandrills shows that red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.
The finding that red also has an advantage in human sporting events does not surprise her, addding that "the idea of the study is very clever."
Hill and Barton got the idea for their study out of a mutual interest in the evolution of sexual signals in primates—"red seems to be the color, across species, that signals male dominance and *** levels," Barton said.
For example, studies by Setchell, the Cambridge primate researcher, show that dominant male mandrills have increased red coloration in their faces and rumps. Another study by other scientists shows that red plastic rings experimentally placed on the legs of male zebra finches increase the birds' dominance.
Barton said he and Hill speculated some speculated that "there might be a similar effect in humans. And if so, it could be apparent in sporting contests."
The pair say their results indicate that sexual selection may have influenced the evolution of humans' response to color.
Setchell, the primatologist, agrees. "As Hill and Barton say, humans redden when we are angry and pale when we're scared. These are very important signals to other individuals," she said.
The advantage of red may be intuitively known, judging from the prevalence of red uniforms in sports—"though it is clearly not very widely appreciated, on a conscious level at least," Barton said.
He adds that the finding of red's advantage might have implications for regulations that govern sporting attire. In the Olympic matches he surveyed for the new study, for example, it is possible some medal winners may have reached the pedestal with an unintended advantage.
"That is the implication, though we cannot say that it made the difference in any one specific case," Barton said.
Meanwhile, Setchell noted—tongue-in-cheek—that a red advantage may not be limited to sports. "Going by the recent [U.S.] election results, red is indeed quite successful," she said.
16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcome of sports matched.
17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates.
18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.
19. Red is not an advantage for zebra finches.
20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.
21. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win.
22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sports uniforms.
答案：16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcomes of sports matches.
答案为A(right).
相关句：They (Hill and Barton) …reached the conclusion by studying the outcomes of boxing…
The outcomes 回应上文中提到的“the team dressed in red is more likely to win”
17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates(灵长目).
答案为A(right).
相关句：Hill and Barton got the idea for the study from a mutual interest in primates.
18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.
19. Red is not an advantage for Zebra finches(斑胸草雀).
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male Zebra females, which increased the bird’s success in finding a mate.
20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.
答案为C(not mentioned).
21. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win.
答案为A(right).
相关句：Across a range of sports, we find that wearing red is consistently associated with a higher probability of winning.
22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sport uniforms.
答案为C(not mentioned)
相关句：the discovery of red’s advantage might lead to new regulations on sports uniforms.
第三部分：概括大意和完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个更佳选项。
How technology pushes down price
The Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667 after a war between the English and Dutch in which the English were worsted, gave the Dutch the big prize: Run, a *** all island in the Indonesian archipelago which was the world's principal source of nutmeg. The margin on nutmeg at the time was around 3,200%. The English, as a consolation prize, got Manhattan. As an illustration of the long-term fall in food prices compared with other goods, that is a sharp one. But deflation has characterized the food business for centuries, because of continual advances in food production and distribution technology.
Consumers have benefited greatly from those advances. Malthusians, whose descendants until quite recently predicted that the world would run out of food, have thereby been confounded. More and more food is being produced by fewer and fewer people with less and less capital; it is therefore ever more plentiful and cheaper. Since demand is to some extent limited by the size of people's stomachs, spending on food compared with other goods has been falling for many years, and continues to drop (see chart 4).
Genetically modified (GM) seeds are the latest manifestation of a production revolution that started with Charles “Turnip” Townsend, who in the 18th century laid the basis for crop rotation. Organic fertilisers were replaced by chemical ones in the 19th century. The railway opened up the American mid-west. The horse replaced the cow, the combine harvester the horse. After the second world war, dwarf varieties of wheat and rice (which overcame the problem that heavily fertilised crops in hot countries grew too tall and fell over) boosted developing-country output. The “green revolution” helped trigger a more recent “livestock revolution”, documented by Chris Delgado, who works jointly for the International Food Policy Research Institute and the International Livestock Research Institute. Higher incomes and urbanisation, combined with falling food prices, have boosted meat and milk consumption in developing countries. By 1997, real beef prices were a third their level in 1971. Over that period, meat consumption in developing countries rose five-fold, three times as fast as in developed countries. Milk consumption rose three-fold.By the 1980s, advances in conventional plant breeding had tailed off, but GM made it possible to do things with DNA that conventional breeding could not do. Despite scaremongering in Europe, GM technology is spreading elsewhere: most of the world's soya is now GM.Producing lots of food is not much good unless you can distribute it, so advances in distribution technology have been as important as those in production technology. Salt, used to preserve food, which meant that it could be stored and traded, was an early aid to distribution. Canning arrived in the early 19th century, when a Frenchman discovered that food could be stored longer if it was heated before it was bottled, and a Briton worked out that tin cans were easier to transport than bottles; and both the British and the French armies used the technology to feed their troops in the Napoleonic wars.Francis Bacon, a British scientist and essayist, was an early victim of the struggle to develop refrigeration technology: he died in 1626 after eating some chicken that he had stuffed with snow as part of an experiment. In 1877 the first shipload of frozen beef was carried from Argentina to France. The impact on the food industry of the spread of the domestic refrigerator in the 20th century was rivalled only by that of the car, which changed the face of retailing by allowing supermarkets to develop. Supermarkets have helped push down prices principally because of their scale. Big businesses can invest in IT systems that make them efficient. And their size allows them to buy in bulk. The more concentrated the retail business becomes, the bigger supermarkets get, the further prices get pushed down until, of course, there is so much concentration that there is not enough competition. Britain's Competition Commission indicated earlier this year that the supermarket industry was moving towards that point: it refused to let any of the top three supermarket chains buy one of the *** aller players. In America, however, where the size of the country means a more fragmented retail business, there is still scope for further concentration: the “black death”, as Wal-Mart is known in the trade, is expected to claim more victims. Wal-Mart's scale, the efficiency of its IT systems and the cheapness of its non-unionised labour force ($8-10 an hour compared with $17-18 for mid-sized players such as Albertsons, A hold, Safeway and Kroger), give it a massive advantage. It sells Colgate toothpaste for an average of 63% of its compe *** s' price, Tropicana orange juice for 58% and Kellogg's Corn Flakes for 56%. Analysts expect at least one of the mid-sized firms to disappear.The concentration of power among retailers has led to another stage in the shift in power down the food chain. Once upon a time, power lay with landlords. In the 20th century, as processing and distribution became more important, so did the food producers. Lord Haskins, Tony Blair's adviser on farming, recalls going to food industry conferences in the 1970s, when there would be a line of Rolls-Royces outside, all belonging to producers.
Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chainNo longer. Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chain. But the retailers are not the type to swank around in flash cars. They are ostentatiously parsimonious, advertising their determination to keep prices down. Wal-Mart's headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, is in a converted warehouse. Tesco, Britain's biggest private-sector employer, has its headquarters in a Stalinist bunker in a nasty bit of north-east London. Beside the main reception its share price is proudly displayed on one of those blackboards with white plastic letters stuck on to it that you see in the cheapest sandwich bars. One of the manifestations of retailers' power (which also reinforces it) is the growth of private-label (ie, supermarket- not producer-branded) goods. In 2002, according to the Boston Consulting Group, own-label made up 39% of grocery sales in Britain, 21% in France and only 16% in the United States, but everybody thinks that, as retailing becomes more concentrated, America is going the way of Britain. Retailers can sell private-label only if the price cuts they offer mean more to consumers than a producer's brand. As own-label has expanded, so supermarkets have been taking all but the most successful brands off their shelves. “If you are a must-have brand it's fine,” says Dido Harding, Tesco's commercial director. “If you're a sub-global brand, life's much harder.”The shift in power to retailers has put pressure on producers' margins, hence huge programmes of cuts. Since 2000, Uni-lever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to 245,000 and dropped lots of minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. Cadbury is the latest to announce big cuts: in October it said that it will be shutting 20% of its 133 factories and cutting 10% of its 55,000 global workforce. These cuts should help keep costs, and thus the price of food, low.Does cheap food make people unhealthy? In some ways. Hydrogenated vegetable oil, for instance—vegetable fat made solid by adding hydrogen atoms—is the nutritionists' current bête noire. Widely used as a cheap substitute for butter and cream, it is the main dietary source of trans fats. Trans fats are heavily implicated in heart disease; companies are taking them out of products for fear of lawsuits.Cheap food may also make people eat more. In a paper entitled “Why have Americans become more obese?” David Cutler, Jesse Shapiro and Edward Glaeser, a group of Harvard economists, note that, among OECD countries, obesity is correlated to the level of regulation: the more food laws, the more protected local producers are, the harder it is to import technology, the slimmer people tend to be. They reckon that is because of price: the less regulated a country, the cheaper a Big Mac tends to be. But it could be another factor: heavily regulated countries might, for instance, be places with stronger family ties where real meals have survived and people eat fewer snacks and less fast food.
Giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better dealFood companies certainly think giving people more food for their money makes them buy more. That is why portions have been getting larger and larger. In America, soft drinks, which used to come in 8oz and then 12oz containers now come in 20oz ones. As Dennis Lombardi of Technomic, a food-industry consultancy in Chicago, points out, giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better deal. “If I can give you an 8oz portion for $7, I can give you a 12oz portion for $8. The only incremental cost to me is the food, which probably cost 25 cents.” Everybody, therefore, has done it.Scientists have shown that portion size partly determines how much people eat. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, fed subjects macaroni cheese, some in 2.5-cup portions, some in 5-cup portions. The ones with the big portions ate 27% more, on average, than those with *** all portions but did not report feeling any fuller. Brian Wansink at the University of Illinois found that if you give movie-goers an extra-large bucket of popcorn, they eat nearly half as much again as if you give them the next size down, even if the popcorn is stale.Now companies are under pressure to stop selling people more for less. But it is a hard trend to reverse, as Mr Lombardi points out. “How about I give you a third less food for $1 less? I don't think so.”
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 4
A. Huge retailers force producers to cunt costs
B. Consumers like supermarkets
C. Technology helps reduce food prices
D. Food comes cheaper in larger portions
E. Chain stores provide better service
F. Bigger supermarkets offer lower prices
27. Big supermarkets can offer food at lower prices because they can buy in___
28. Some food producers have reduced___
29. Besides cutting its workforce, unilever also abandoned its___
30. Buyers like bigger portion because they think they have got___
A. their workforce
B. huge portions
C. large quantities
D. their money
E. a good barging
F. minor brands
职称英语考试真题及答案理工类A级概括大意
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23—30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23——26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2——5段每段选择1个更佳标题;(2)第27——30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个更佳选项。
First Image-recognition Software
1. Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.
2. The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则) for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素) data in images and potentially video — rather than just text — to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned (收集) from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions (图片说明), making for more accurate document search results.
3. "Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a *** all collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia data set, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨) of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search."
4. The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.
23. Paragraph 1 ____
24. Paragraph 2 ____
25. Paragraph 3 ____
26. Paragraph 4 ____
A. Function of the new system
B. Improvement in document retrieval
C. Publication of the new discovery
D. Problems of the existing search engines
E. Popularity of the new system
F. Artificial intelligence software created
27. The new system does document retrieval by ____.
28. The new system is expected to improve precision in ____.
29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore __ __
30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the ____
A. using photos
B. description of the HTML page
C. current popular search engines
D. document search
E. information in images
F. machine vision systems
参考答案：第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23—30题，每题1分，共8分)
23-26. F A D B
27-30. A D E C
职称英语理工类阅读判断专项试题及答案(2)
练习职称英语历年真题答案河北：
1.The country says that the investment of US $14 million is big enough for developing that country’s chip industry.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2.That country gives top priorities to developing chips for military purposes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3.Although the licensing fees are not very high, that Far Eastern country cannot afford to pay.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4.Many western countries ban the exporting of the most advanced chip-making technologies to that country to prevent them from being used for military purposes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5.Currently, almost all the flagship chipmakers in that country are owned by American investors.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6.Mainstream chip production technology develop rapidly.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7.More than 10 chip plants being built in that country are an example of self-reliance.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1.B 本题给出职称英语历年真题答案河北的信息是错误的。最后一段说到职称英语历年真题答案河北，如果新建的芯片中心能在改善该国在芯片行业的被动形势中起重要作用职称英语历年真题答案河北，该国认为：“... the US $14 million investment is still rather *** all”。
2.C 文章没有提供这方面的信息。
3.B 文章提到专利费较高，此句说较低，与原意不符。
4.A 本题给出的信息是正确的。第二段有这样一句话：Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes.这就是选A的依据。
5.C 文章没有提供这方面的信息。
6.A 选A的依据是第三段之一句：... mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years ...
7.B 本题给出的信息是错误的。第四段第二句说明，这些芯片工厂的技术主要是从日本和新加坡进口的。
译文：微芯片研究中心成立
为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。
该中心将会应用自己的研究技术和设施，为本国芯片厂家开发新技术。这个国家名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使这个国家摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的.技术的困境。由于许多外国 *** 担心先进技术会被用于军事目的，不允许这个国家的芯片生产厂家进口前沿技术，所以这些生产厂家处于一种被动局面。另外，由于这些芯片生产厂家必须向技术提供者支付高额的许可费，这也构成了他们决定要自力更生的一个重要原因。
由于主流芯片生产技术每隔 3～5年就要进行更新换代，所以掌握了新技术的厂家就可以以较低的成本制造出较好的芯片，而那些耗费数十亿美元建立起的厂家，如果设备落后，也将会被生产商所淘汰。
几个芯片厂正在建立之中，每个厂的造价都在几百万美元，其中大部分资金都流向了海外设备商和技术所有者——主要是日本和新加坡。
如果新建的芯片中心能在改变该国芯片行业的被动形势中起到重要作用，该国承认，一千四百万美元的投资仍是微不足道的。该国正在开发综合技术，大部分投资将用于与技术和知识产权所有者建立联盟。
Text three
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However, the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments. 1
Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things — especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?
If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they don’t automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer，had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand，sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body，scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. That’s why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone’s mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa)， it may be a way of showing off.
However, Miller’s theory still doesn’t explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists，this is clearly an area that needs further research.
词汇：
automatically .自动地
note 音符
stroke 中风
注释：
1.It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。Develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。
练习：
1.Humans, but not animals, can sing.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2.People can use music to communicate their emotions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3.We use the same part of the brain for music and language.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4.Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5.It’s hard for humans to compose music.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6.Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7.Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2.A 第三段的第三句：However, people can use music to communicate things — especially their emotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3.B 第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4.A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱(情感)的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5.C 文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6.B 第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7.A 最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响职称英语历年真题答案河北我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。
译文：音乐生物学
人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么?它又是如何起到神奇的效果?科学界还没有给出答案。
哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物?一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌 (并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听) ，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。
音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达——尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么?
如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。
有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁·舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953 年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。
通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响?这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里·米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。
然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。
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